• Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) have emerged as a powerful platform for flexible and wearable biosensing due to their intrinsic ion–electron coupling, high transconductance, low operating voltage, and excellent compatibility with aqueous and biological environments. Unlike conventional field-effect devices, OECTs operate through volumetric electrochemical doping mechanisms, enabling high sensitivity and signal amplification in real-time biofluid monitoring.

  • Flexible and wearable sensors are advancing rapidly, yet only a small fraction progress beyond laboratory prototypes into real clinical or consumer health technologies. This tutorial explores the practical, ethical, and regulatory challenges that shape this translation process and often determine whether a sensor succeeds or fails in real world use. Participants will learn how to connect sensor capabilities to meaningful applications, identify barriers to adoption, and design technologies that meet clinical, societal, and regulatory expectations from the start. 

  • The development of functional polymers with embedded nanoparticles has advanced the fields of microfluidics, biosensors, and flexible electronics, resulting in devices and systems with new principles of operation, improved performance, and increased portability. The field of wearable devices has adopted many of these advances and tailored them to meet the specific needs of wearables, including reliable electronic-tissue interfaces, increased comfort, reduced weight, integration with flexible substrates or textiles, and compact design.